Booker T. Washington VS. WEB DuBois Essay

Booker T. Washington VS. WEB DuBois In the days when isolation was normal, there were two men that had a colossal impact in the battle for correspondence in the United States. Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois were incredible pioneers, who supporterted social equality, yet additionally differ on different issues identified with recreation, destitution, prejudice, and segregation. Both Washington and DuBois dealt with transforming training just as disposing of segregation towards Blacks, however their procedures of accomplishing said change fluctuated significantly. The principal chief that tagged along was Booker T. Washington. He accepted that african americans would not make it anyplace in the public eye in the event that they concentrated on just fairness. He advised blacks to target instruction, exchange, and budgetary advancement so as to get a financial a dependable balance in the public eye just as turning out to be better people. Washington felt that blacks couldn't be an out of a situation to improve their remaining in networks until they pulled back from destitution and developed into something that couldn't be denied as equivalents. It was comprehended that blacks could never be totally equivalent to whites and that there would consistently be some type of isolation and separation. Rather than battling with it,Washington urged blacks to acknowledge it, grasp it, and work around it. The following fundamental pioneer was WEB DuBois. In opposition to Washingtons convictions, DuBois considered that blacks ought to resemble whites, in the part of having sorted out instruction and the equivalent political rights. DuBois felt that blacks ought not move toward this in a roundabout way like Washington, however face it head on and reques t the rights that they viewed as theirs. He took the more decisive position that african americans should press for full uniformity and utilize upsetting, detached forceful strategies with the expectation that the whites would hesitantly agree. In the â€Å"Declaration of the Principles of the Niagara Movement† he and other Black learned people sketched out a rundown of requests wherein they wanted to address the issues and premiums of every single African American. Dubois attested that financial security was not about enough and blacks ought to turn out to be similarly as instructed as the whites. For the most part he thought about Booker T. Washington’s thoughts and made them a stride further, if not more. At that point, the most sensible pioneer would be as a matter of fact Booker T. Washington. His understanding that blacks could never be equivalent and that not being his primary center, gave him the upperhand on WEB Dubois. Du Bois encouraged blacks to endeavor to elevate themselves through instructive progression andâ political rights. In spite of the fact that his thoughts had potential, Washington’s gradualism position gives him wide spread intrigue among the two blacks and whites. In today’s day and age, there are individuals who are as yet supremacist and don’t acknowledge blacks in view of their shading/culture, yet todays blacks get that and endure it. Taking everything into account, the contention between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois is one notable to researchers and students of history of the United States. Washington and Dubois were two incredible isolation pioneers who offered various techniques for managing the issues of destitution and segregation confronting Black Americans. The two of them carried exciting plans to the table and to put it plainly, Booker T. Washington put stock in social equality through development though WEB DuBois requested progressively prompt dark fairness.

Effects of Antenatal Exercise Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Effects of Antenatal Exercise on Pregnant Women. Answer: Presentation It is basic for each lady to confront different complexities during the hour of the pregnancy and can have lasting harm to the body of the ladies. The heaviness of the hatchling can have over the top weights on the pelvic locale of the ladies and can bring about the muscle squeeze and furthermore have poor development in the course of the blood there by causing varicose of the vein alongside oedema. Consequently, so as to forestall the harm of the pelvic muscle and bone, it is basic for each pregnant lady to follow certain severe calendar of physical exercises and exercise, which can assist with managing all the complexities in the pelvic locale of the pregnant person. The pelvic life systems frames a significant piece of the physiology of the human. There are numerous recently directed research work that are done in assessing the estimation of the antenatal activities with regards to the pregnant mother. The ebb and flow inquire about work plans to basically assess the impacts of the antenatal activities that can effectsly affect the wellbeing state of the ladies, who is required to become mother. The pertinent ebb and flow writing about the beneficial outcomes of antenatal activities is talked about, which is trailed by proposed strategies and information examination that should be applied for the exploration work. Foundation and Literature audit The point of the ebb and flow segment is to talk about all the significant writing that is required with regards to the examination work. The impact of an antenatal physical exercise on the large and overweight pregnant ladies Nascimento et al. (2011) have referenced about the worries that are connected with the complete ascent in the quantity of hefty and overweight patients that is liable for causing extra physical complexities during the hour of pregnancy. As indicated by the parameters of the World Health Organization the degree of heftiness among an individual can be estimated with the assistance of Body mass file proportion, where anything over 30 kg for each square meter is viewed as in the method of weight. Dodd et al. (2010) have included the setting that stoutness during the hour of pregnancy can have additional dangers to both the state of the ladies and furthermore upon the unborn hatchling. Because of the reality of the developing infant and the weight is causing additional weight on the pelvic locale of the mother, it is significant in this condition to have the additional wary. There is likewise elevated level of complicacy during the hour of conveyance of the infant for the way that the development of the baby don't happens ordinarily because of the overabundance measure of fats that are available in the pelvic area of the uterus of the mother. The multifaceted nature can be related with the gastrointestinal advancement can cause diabetes mellitus. The issues of heftiness inside the mother can have complexities in the recently evolved child and can cause metabolic condition and large scale arch. There can be likewise elevated level of difficulties in the mental health of the kid that can cause frail memory and poor subjective turn of events. As per Oteng-Ntim et al. (2012), it is significant in the setting that there are no such legitimate treatment procedures that can assist the creating mother with overcoming these wellbeing challenges after the conveyance of the infant is finished. Consequently, it is significant for the mother to receive customary acti vities that can them to limit the unfavorable impacts that are caused upon the youngsters. Among all the mediation strategies, it very well may be said that the physical exercise is the most ideal approach to determine the issues identified with the overweight and heftiness. Choi et al. (2013) have likewise suggested about the significance of the difference in the way of life that can assist with managing all the issues identified with weight and overweight during the hour of pregnancy. Physical Exercise during Pregnancy As per the discoveries of Thangaratinam et al. (2012), the ladies, who are truly increasingly dynamic during the hour of pregnancy gets the opportunity of having progressively sound child. Then again, Quinlivan et al. (2011) have featured about the way that it is significant for the normal mother to give additional consideration and play it safe while doing digressive during the hour of pregnancy as there are dangers of making lasting harm the hatchling and cause changeless harm to the mental health. Light digressive are the one that should be embraced that don't cause a lot of fatigue. Giving precise and right data about the physical exercise related the turn of events and different occasions of pregnancy is one of the most significant perspectives in the given case. The Antenatal consideration is one of the best types of physical exercise exhortation care that is required for the pregnant ladies. These sorts of activity can have the best constructive outcomes on the physical wellbeing on the pregnant women as it makes unwinding the pelvic area of the ladies and help them to loosen up the weight that is caused because of the heaviness of the developing youngster (Sui et al. 2012). The ladies who have low bone mineral thickness in any case, gas the hazard that is caused because of the way that they don't have the power to endure the heaviness of the developing kid. The ladies, who have been experiencing the corpulence and overweight issues likewise, may confront challenge to rehearse the antenatal exercise as they have the dangers that can additionally harm the pelvic bones of the person. The locally established mediation that can have the impacts of the physical exercise, which can have loosening up mentality towards each pregnant lady. As it isn't feasible for the ladies to go to any areas, it is significant for them in the setting to give locally established physical reversals that is requirement for their circumstance. The level and the force of the physical exercise will likewise relies upon the phase of the recurrence as because of the developing size of the infant, it isn't workable for the mother to move uninhibitedly and play out the physical action development. Impacts of Physical exercises by the pregnant ladies As indicated by the rules of the American College of Obstetrician and Guidelines, it is suggested for the each truly fit pregnant lady to routinely have the propensity for physical exercise, which will assist them with maintaining both physical and mental prosperity. During the time of pregnancy, it is normal for each lady to have temperament swings issue as it is an extraordinary time of each womens life because of the way that the degree of different hormones are exceptionally modified, which is expected to deal with the requirements of the creating baby. The negative enthusiastic considerations can effectsly affect the psychological conduct of the ladies. With the assistance of the physical exercise on standard levels, it is conceivable to manage the thoughts of the psychological wellness issues inside ladies (Renault et al. 2014). The mental and mental prosperity of the person during the hour of pregnancy is fundamental to maintain a strategic distance from all types of difficulties and furthermore guarantee great soundness of the youngsters. With the assistance of the antenatal activities it is conceivable to manage all the major mental and mental difficulties of the pregnant lady. The mental states of the ladies likewise relies upon the phase of the pregnancy and therefore the degree of antenatal activities that should be rehearsed additionally relies upon the sorts of definite mental phase of the ladies. Thus, one of the principle preferences of the antenatal activities is that it tends to be applied at each phase of the pregnancy as per the necessities and the interest of the pregnant woman. In addition, because of the way that the antenatal activities has not been appeared to have any symptoms, it is one of the most deductively demonstrated approaches to manage the all degrees of difficulties that are rel ated during the hour of pregnancy. It is additionally clear for the realities that ordinary act of the antenatal activities can likewise enhance the physical wellbeing state of the ladies. Pelvic floor practices during pregnancy It is the obligation of every single pregnant woman to manage all the results of the intricacies that is normal during the hour of pregnancy. As indicated by Al Mamun et al. (2014), there is tremendous weight that is applied on the pelvic muscle that can continue the heaviness of the developing infant. All the pelvic organs are all around upheld with the assistance of the pelvic muscle that has the obligation to manage the result of the additional weight during the hour of pregnancy. The pelvic floor muscles are the primary organization of the pelvic joints that can bolster the heaviness of the developing child. The pelvic floor muscle extends like a solid trampoline from the zone of tailbone till the open bone. The act of the antenatal activities is end up being the most ideal approaches to manage the solid pelvic muscle for the pregnant woman that can guarantee that development pace of the baby happens appropriately and there are no complexities in the general procedure. Issue Statement and Research questions The issue for this exploration is the complexities that are looked by the ladies during the hour of pregnancy because of unnecessary weight in the pelvic muscle. What are the impacts and significance of physical activities on the pregnant woman? What are the impacts of the antenatal activities that can effectsly affect the wellbeing status of both mother and her unborn youngster? What are dangers that are related with the antenatal activities that hurt the strength of both mother and her unborn kid? System The point of the system segment is to feature the strategies and the methods that are utilized to lead the resect work and furthermore feature the significance of research procedures that are being applied in the given research work. In this specific research work, the examiners will utilize certain fixed Research Design that is ideal for the examination of the given research work. The philosophy area additionally incorporates the information assortment a

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Construction Essay

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Construction Essay The rapid technological development and industrialisation occurred in the second part of the 19th century alerted the need for improving the existing labour force in terms of operational performance and psychological underpinnings of individual activity. Applied psychology laid the ground for the emergence of the notion of occupational safety that covered basic worker compensation, factory legislation and incidence of workplace accidents (Hofmann, Burke and Zohar, 2017). Initially, academics and policy-makers focused on an individual employee to outline the work format and design basic protection measures. With the course of time, occupational safety research and practice switched its focus to the organisational structure. In line with the tendency, the framework of occupational safety gave priority to safety-related training delivered to workers within the organisational context. The gradual move from the individual employee to the organisation-wide management emphasised the role of leadership in setting up a safety climate underpinning development and practice of safety-oriented processes and systems. Continuing research in occupational safety led to the creation of a multidimensional model of the organisation’s safety culture (Hofmann, Burke and Zohar, 2017). Occupational safety legislation plays a vital role in the development and regular update of the workplace safety framework. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the key law that sets and enforces standards of workplace safety by outlining duties of employers, workers, suppliers, contractors and other stakeholders affecting implementation and malmanagement of workplace safety (Hughes and Ferrett, 2015). The Act evolved from the 1970 Employed Persons (Health and Safety) Bill that encompassed fundamental issues and regulatory activities concerning occupational safety. Though the debate around the relevance and efficiency of the Bill postponed its passage for four years, the adoption of the Occupational Safety and Health Act by the United States and the faced responsibility to align the national legislation with the corresponding European Union’s directives due to the UK’s accession to the EU forced the new Labour government to facilitate the Bill’s passage (Paterson, 2012). Since 1974, the HASA 1974 has been the fundamental law that defines the authority and structure for encouraging, enforcing and controlling workplace safety and risk management in the United Kingdom. Under the powers of the UK Parliament, the Act offers a sophisticated system of occupational safety policies, procedures and processes applicable to a wide array of industries and risks (Hughes and Ferrett, 2015). The Statutory Instrument introduced in 1974 enables government authorities to regulate occupational safety law and practice. Moreover, the Statutory Instrument attributes enforcement powers to Health and Safety Executive and Health and Safety Commission designated as components of the public supervision system. The Act objectives to secure individual employee safety and health, to protect workers against workplace risks and accidents, to control the use and storage of explosive or other dangerous substances and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere imply the use of fines and other punishment solutions to force organisations to comply their organisational culture and systems accordingly (Barrett, 2000). While regulating occupational safety at the national level, the Act aligns the UK law with the EU directives for workplace safety. Though occupational safety is importance for any industry, it is fundamental for dangerous businesses that are mostly vulnerable to workplace accidents and fatalities. The construction industry is one of such dangerous occupations with the incompatible rates of occupational trauma and death (Sherratt et al., 2015). The key reason for high unsafety concerns the fact that the industry does not set strict requirement for individual qualification and knowledge. Construction labour force typically comprises volunteers who lack technical skills and extensive training. Safety regulation in the construction industry in poor and inadequate without any specific framework in the international context. The dynamics of the industry and low value of workforce result in fast arrangement procedures when volunteers are exposed to unstructured interviews and a brief explanation of their duties without any provision of safety training that indicates the key risks and hazards, protective measures and te chnical issues (Sherratt et al., 2015). Therefore, the national occupational safety law requires a precise address of the construction industry to align its organisational culture and management with the Act provisions.

Walt Disney and Toy Story - 11680 Words

Pixar and Disney: A Study of Creativity and Culture In 2005 the managers of Pixar Animation Studios were facing a crisis. The company’s ten-year partnership with Disney was about to end and the company had three options: draft a new agreement with Disney, find a new partner, or set up their own marketing and distribution network.[1] Renewing the partnership with Disney seemed, to many, like an obvious choice. The arrangement had been a boon to the fledgling studio when it was first starting out. Disney had provided most of the funding[2] and had given Pixar’s movies top flight marketing support[3] in exchange for ownership of Pixar’s characters and a substantial percentage of the profits. Pixar had grown, however, and had accumulated†¦show more content†¦At the cost of $1,488,422, the movie had represented yet another first for the innovative studio that had already introduced the world to Steamboat Willie, often credited as the first animated cartoon to feature synchronized sound in 1928[16] (According to film historians Max Fleischer had produced Old Kentucky Home, which also had sound, in 1926), and Flowers and Trees, the first full color cartoon, in 1931. Flowers and Trees was also the first cartoon to win an animation Oscar.[17] Snow White, which had both color and sound, made use of other innovations as well. The multiplane camera, developed by the studio, allowed Disney animators to create layered scenes with pictures of objects in the foreground and background suspended on sheets of glass at different layers of a fourteen-foot platform to create the illusion of a three dimensional world.[18] Further innovations followed. Fantasia, launched in 1941, was the first animated film to feature stereophonic sound. (The movie’s success was limited, however, by a combination of factors. One practical hurdle was that theaters had to install new sound systems to show it and the onset of World War II made theater owners hesitant to make the investment.)[19] In years that followed, Disney would expand beyond animated features into live action film and television and into theShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs1372 Words   |  6 Pages Animation has the unfortunate misconception of being associated with childish, simple, and often foolish stories. Animation is more than just cartoons moving around in a scene. Behind some of these productions a whole genre of cinema was created and perfected. Some even helped establish foundations for cinema production. Among them, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Toy Story can be singled out as the most influential. It may be said that music, CGI, depth, color, secondary characters and depthRead MoreHow Disney Magic And The Corporate Media Shape Youth Identity Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesAiden Impact of Disney Introduction: http://whmc.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/d/disney/ Product Launch: http://cs231n.stanford.edu/reports2016/265_Report.pdf Brand culture: https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2004/francoeur.pdf Culture effect: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/2808:how-disney-magic-and-the-corporate-media-shape-youth-identity-in-the-digital-age Frozen example: http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/07/28/the-frozen-effect-when-disneys-movie-merchandising-is-too-much/#61ba13235f08Read MorePixar1258 Words   |  6 Pagestalent to develop computer-animated feature films with memorable characters and heartwarming stories that appeal to audiences of all ages. Feature Films On November 22, 1995, Pixar Animation Studios forever impacted the future of filmmaking, storytelling and the medium of animation with the release of its first feature film, Disney ·Pixar s Toy Story. Released nine years after the founding of Pixar, Toy Story exhibited years of creative and technical achievements from a small group of passionate computerRead MoreInnovate the Pixar Way1285 Words   |  6 PagesProducts: feature films, short-films, animations, commercials, softwares Key people: †¢ Ed Catmull, President,Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ John Lasseter, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ Steve Jobs, former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios and member of the Board of Directors at The Walt Disney Company Owner: The Walt Disney Company (since 2006) About the book INNOVATE THE PIXAR WAY (2010) by Bill Capodagli and Lynn Jackson Read MoreInnovate the Pixar Way1279 Words   |  6 PagesProducts: feature films, short-films, animations, commercials, softwares Key people: †¢ Ed Catmull, President,Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ John Lasseter, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios †¢ Steve Jobs, former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios and member of the Board of Directors at The Walt Disney Company Owner: The Walt Disney Company (since 2006) About the book INNOVATE THE PIXAR WAY (2010) by Bill Capodagli and Lynn Jackson †¢Read MoreErm Research Report On Walt Disney Company Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company â€Æ' ERM Research report – The Walt Disney Company I. COMPANY BACKGROUND The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. According to the â€Å"2015-Annual-Report† of the Walt DisneyRead MoreStrategic Planning : Walt Disney1592 Words   |  7 PagesMGT411 Strategic Planning Walt Disney Company Strategic Analysis Patten University Disney, Yesterday and Today The Walt Disney Company was formed in 1923 as the Disney Brother Cartoon Studio with Walt and Roy Disney. With the start of Alice Wonderland series, Walt Disney would start a company that would go on to become legend. A staple for all things animation and the standard in which the industry models itself the Disney Company went on to create ground breaking milestones in animation and allRead MoreMovie Analysis : Hyper Real Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfound in Disney films of the 1930s, there is a certain uncanny appeal to hyper-realism. Hyper-realism speaks to inherent properties of cinema as a medium by allowing the audience to experience shots and camera angles that are lost by cel animation which doesn’t allow the camera to move freely around it’s subjects like typical films. Thanks to the CGI found in Pixar films, the story can be told more through cinematography instead of relying entirely on the mise-en-scene like previous Disney films. ForRead MoreWalt Disney Company : The World s Largest Motion Picture Multimedia Entertainment Companies Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is one of the world s largest motion-picture multimedia entertainment companies in the world. Disney has several sectors in their company, which include two large well-known theme parks in The United States, which are Disneyland and Disney World. Disney also has sectors in a production company, several other multi-media companies, consumer products, resorts and spas. In the early 1920’s, a young man by the name of Walter Disney had a dream of becoming a newspaper artistRead MoreDisney : Disney And Pixar Merger1187 Words   |  5 PagesDisney and Pixar Merger The strategy that led to the merger of Disney and Pixar was a simply business deal with two companies that has been working with each other for years. Pixar initially began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, as a piece of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm. The gathering basically chipped away at PC equipment. Apple prime supporter Steve Jobs later obtained the company in 1986. The studio sought after its fantasy of making the first PC vivified full-length film. In 1995, Pixar

Does Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity...

Does Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity? Obesity in children is an epidemic that continues to be a serious problem in our nation. Over the past thirty years, childhood obesity rates in the United States have tripled, and currently, approximately one in three children in the U.S. are overweight or obese. High body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents is a public health concern in the United States (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb Flegal, 2010). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for†¦show more content†¦Significance of the Problem Childhood obesity is a significant problem in our society, and has become one of the most prevalent health conditions affecting the welfare of children (Siegel Parker, 2008). Research indicates that since the 1980’s the incidence of a BMI at the 95th percentile or higher has tripled among school age children and adolescents and remains at approximately 17% (Ogden et al, 2010). In addition, obese children today are heavier, in general, than obese children in the past. (Estabrooks, Fisher, Hayman, 2008). According to Sharkey, Yetter, Felix Furlong (2006), childhood obesity may have multiple, potentially negative effects on children, and has been linked to a number of physical, social, emotional and psychological ailments. Obese children and adolescents are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or blood pressure. Children who suffer from obesity are at greater risk for developing these chronic conditions at an earlier age than had been seen in the past (Estabrooks et al, 2008). They are also more likely to have prediabetes and are at greater risk for bone and joint problems. Research Questions Many school-aged children are affected by the obesity epidemic and this epidemic may impact a child’s ability to learn in school. According to McCarthy, Lindsay, andShow MoreRelatedObesity and Its Related Issues1510 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and its related issues; diabetes, coronary disease, osteo-disease, and liver and renal failure, is an endemic problem in contemporary American society. So much so, for instance, that First Lady Michelle Obama has announced an initiative fighting obesity. She, too, is calling obesity an epidemic and one of the greatest threats to the future health of the United States. Her approach is multifaceted, concentrating on education, availability of healthy foods, and exercise programs for youth soRead MoreObesity : An Epidemic That Affects Individuals Worldwide839 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is an epidemic that affects individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, more children are facing issues with obesity than ever before, leading to major health issues including diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol. The CDC website defines childhood obesity as a â€Å"BMI (body mass index) at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex†(Defining Childhood Obesity, 2015, p. 1). It is important that parents understand that how the health of their child can affectRead MoreGrowing Health Epidemic : Childhood Obesity1258 Words   |  6 PagesChildren in America are now facing a growing health epidemic: childhood obesity. As many as 1 out of 6 children are now considered obese, and the number is expected to grow. In fact, if current trends progress, the generation born after 2000 will be the first generation that will be unhealthier than their parents. Along with health risks, the cost of care for the increasing obesity cases is estimated to cost $78 billion in medical expenses (Spradlin 2015). With an increase of obesity and relatedRead MoreWhy has Childhood Obesity Become a Paramount Problem in the United States?1609 Words   |  7 PagesPrevention, â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years,† (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). The monumental question that researchers seem to be asking is why the increase now? Childhood obesity has become a paramount problem in the United States in recent years due to various social, biological and technological factors that ultimately requires immediate assistance in order to promote a healthier lifestyle for children as they transition intoRead MoreFactors Assocuated with an Increased Risk of Childhood Obesity1243 Words   |  5 Pagesreasons for childhood obesity, some of which is a lack of education with parents surrounding proper nutrition, the lack of exercise our children are getting, and sometimes the parents’ inability to buy the right food choice for their children. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC) childhood obesity is at a record high in the United States and is continuing to get worse. Some parent don’t believe that this is really an issue. Obesity among our children today has tripled inRead MoreObesity : A Major Problem3800 Words   |  16 PagesObesity is an emerging issue in the world, and if not dealt with will soon be an uncontrollable menace. It is not just an issue brought by change to sedentary lifestyle but should be treated as a condition just like any other disease as it is associated with many health problems and even death sometimes . Obesity is one of the most growing concerns for policy makers and health care practitioners in our societies today. Because of its remarkable rising level and the health risks involved, it isRead MoreObesity is a Widespread Epidemic Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesabundance of junk food within school lunch programs, there is still a great need to rethink th e availability of caffeine and snacks, saturated in fat that could potentially lead to an array of health issues. Obesity is a widespread health epidemic that is spreading throughout the US and nearly 20% of children from ages 6-11 in America are considered obese and the snacks that students eat play a large part it (Carson-Dewitt). One of the major causes for this is that junk food is constantly at their fingertipsRead MoreCommunity Health Essay4549 Words   |  19 Pages0800-1200 ! ! Fieldwork Study Activity Location and Contact Time Windshield Survey Dakota County, Minnesota 10 Cultural Survey Dakota County, Minnesota 5 Scavenger Hunt Dakota County, Minnesota 10 Childhood Obesity attended conference, interviewed other attendees and exhibitors 8757 Rio San Diego Dr, San Diego, CA 92108 (619)692-3800 30 Festival of Farms attended festival interview with community members and exhibitors Lakeside Prairie Farm Read MoreParental Behavior, Belief Systems, and Childhood Obesity Essay1819 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity does not discriminate, for it affects every ethnicity, age, gender, and economic status. Obesity is a body measurement size that is not within the defined limits of an individual’s height and weight. Unfortunately, â€Å"The increased weight places children at risk for chronic disease, diminished quality of life, and poor health outcomes† (Sealy, 1). Research indicates some of the risk factors that may correlate to early childhood obesity are the environment, adult behavior, and energyRead MoreA Study On Obesity And Obesity3724 Words   |  15 PagesDISTRICT ABUJA. +2348037726861 gentledazy@gmail.com COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES, HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: A GUIDE TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION. ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are increasing globally even in developing nations. Nigeria currently does not have national figures on overweight and obesity in adults and adolescents. This shows that it is not yet seen as a priority despite the associated risks. Public health interventions need to be on

Adult Education Philosophy Free Essays

string(35) " humanistic philosophy was Maslow\." One of the philosophies that is important to adult education is the liberal philosophy.     The liberal philosophy, which Socrates is known for, aims to develop intellectual powers of the mind.   Having a strong intellectual ability was vitally important to the Greeks. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Education Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who helped found Western Philosophy. He was very much interested in ethics and logic.   Interestingly, Socrates himself did not write any philosophical texts.   All the current knowledge of Socrates’ life and study comes from the writings of others, such as Plato.   Socrates was very much in favor of oral arguments, and loved debate.   He felt that much insight was to be gained from hearing others giving their views on a topic.   Socrates spent much of his life trying to prove that he was not the smartest person.   He would debate people over and over again, but he always seemed to have the best and most original ideas.   To him, intellectual capacity and prowess was the most valuable quality a person could possess. Socrates made a huge contribution to the field of education.   The Socratic Method, named for Socrates, is a style of debate that is used often in classrooms today.   Everyone gathers together and a question and answer type discussion takes place. As Seiferth (1997) states, the teacher does not give answers, but asks questions.   The teacher directs the session of debate by giving each student time to give opinions.   As each person puts forth an opinion, it is debated and critiqued by others.   This way, everyone can learn from everyone else. Therefore, it is the students’ own brain power that is shaping the lesson.   This is a good philosophy for adult students, because they have formed solid opinions and positions on issues.   The students’ life experiences can greatly influence their ideas.   The debate among adult students is often very thorough and can also contain a number of differing opinions based on what the students have gone through in their lives. Another scholar who was important in education was Skinner.   Skinner was a psychologist who made a huge impact on the psychological world with his idea of operant conditioning.   He also influenced the educational world because he thought teachers could be taught how to manipulate and motivate students to produce better results.   Skinner’s behaviorism is still utilized today. While a graduate student at Harvard, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber which studied the rate of response given when reinforcers were present.   His findings led to experimental, data-driven research.   The associations between an environmental stimulus, and a natural, recurring response, were found to be predictable. According to Boeree (1997) Skinner found that behavior could be shaped.   By giving positive reinforcers every time a desired behavior was exhibited, the behavior could become consistent.   A desired behavior became shaped when the behavior began to happen on its own without the needed reinforcer. Skinner’s behaviorism affected not only the field of psychology, but also education.   Skinner believed that every student could be motivated, and that behavior follows a predictable pattern.   If a teacher gave students a positive result for a particular behavior, they would repeat that behavior.   This is great for teachers because they can use a number of things to motivate students to do their work. This philosophy works well with adult students because they understand their own motivators.   Many adults are back in school to better themselves in their careers, so they are intrinsically motivated to do well.   The teachers need only to reinforce those pre-existing ideas that education will lead to a better job, and the students will respond accordingly.   The teacher directs and manipulates the outcomes desired by motivating the students with positive reinforcement. The progressive philosophy aims to promote social change through practical knowledge and problem-solving skills.   Active participation by all members of a class is key for the progressive philosophy to work.   Class members use their own experiences to learn and draw insight from, as well as a coming up with and testing hypotheses.   The teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding them through their experiences and evaluating their learning outcomes. A key scholar of the progressive philosophy is Dewey.   His model of learning included five stages: first, the student had to become aware of the problem; next they had to be able to define the problem; then they needed to propose a hypothesis to try to solve the problem; next they had to evaluate the consequences of the hypothesis based on their own experience; and finally they had to test the most likely solution. According to Zilversmit (2005) Dewey thought the classroom should be a model for the democratic society at large.   He felt that teachers should use the classroom to show students how real-world issues happened, and let them work them out as a true society would. Dewey believed that real-life experiences were the best experiences for learning.   Setting up real-work simulations, actually going out into the world to test a hypothesis and learn about an idea, were the best ways to get a solid foundation of knowledge about a subject.   The environment is also very important to the progressive philosophy, because the environment shapes behavior, just as behaviors also creates a particular environment. Progressive philosophy works well with adult students because most often they are already working and living independently in the world.   Learning theory from books is useful, but they also need the real-world component to understand the concepts.   They need practical applications for the learning they are doing in the classroom that can translate into work experience. The humanistic philosophy takes the real-world experience of progressive philosophy one step further.   In humanistic philosophy, personal growth and development are the most important factors to consider.   The students are self-motivated, and the teachers act as guides and aides.   They do not facilitate learning; rather, they are a sounding board or advice givers.   Humanistic theory focuses on the person more than the subject. One scholar of humanistic philosophy was Maslow. You read "Adult Education Philosophy" in category "Papers"   Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs were very significant in the psychological world, and also have implications in the educational world. Maslow found that each person had a number of different types of needs.   If a person’s most basic needs were not met, he would have trouble being well-rounded and meeting other needs. The needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are as follows: basic needs for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing; safety needs, which include the ideas that one’s home and family are safe, and that she has enough resources to live comfortably on.   The next level is the need for love and a sense of belonging.   After love comes self-esteem, which includes confidence and respect for oneself and others.   Finally, the last stage is the self-actualization stage.   This includes morality, creativity, and problem-solving. As stated by Simons, Irwin, and Drinnian, (1987), Maslow argued that if the basic lower levels of need are not met, a person cannot begin to complete the higher levels, and that educators should help students move from one level to the next. Following his theory, someone who is constantly hungry will not be very confident.    This is important for adult learners because there may be some students whose basic needs have never been met. These needs should be dealt with before venturing into the higher levels.   Conversely, many adult students will already have their basic levels of needs met, so the class time can be spent on working toward the higher levels and reaching the self-actualization stage. A final philosophy of education is the radical philosophy.   This philosophy puts forth the idea that change is desirable and necessary.   The learner and teacher are considered equals as they discuss their own actions and reflect on the consequences of those actions.   Much time is spent in discussions when teachers are employing this philosophy.   Students’ own ideas and thoughts on how to promote change are highly valued, and the group tries to come up with some ways of affecting change on their environment. A scholar who has been instrumental to this philosophy is Freire.   His emphasis on dialog and praxis were very significant to the radical movement.   Many scholars have felt that education needs to be the basis on which change is made.   Students have always had ideas that would help them, school, or community.   The best way to bring about change is to talk about it.   He also felt dialog was just words without action, so he believed in praxis, which is putting ideas into action. Freire believed that the key to change was dialog.   According to Smith (2002), Freire felt that through dialog, ideas could be expressed and evaluated in order to deem their possibility.   Since dialog is a cooperative activity that involves some basic level of respect, it can be used to great effect.   When dialog produces useful ideas that lead to specific plans, great and significant changes can be made.   Once dialog has is done and action begins, change takes place. The radical movement would appeal to adult learners because as adults, they probably view themselves more as equals with the instructors than younger students.   Adult students also feel that they have the life experiences to know that some changes would make a great difference in their environment. Talking about issues that they themselves have had problems with in their lives would lead to great dialog about what could be done to make things better.   Adults are also often quite practical; they would be able to come up with plans for action that would be effective and efficient as well. The liberal philosophy works well in a workplace environment where there is a need to promote higher level thinking.   Colleges often use the Socratic Method to get students to think deeply about and debate and issue.   In a business, the managers might get together and debate the merits of shorter work weeks. It is not often used on a daily basis in many workplaces.   It can be used in certain situations, but since this philosophy can take time to employ, it is not practical in many areas of work.   It is not used much in the military, where ideas are given down from the chain of command, and no debate is allowed. The behaviorist philosophy can work well in certain aspects of many types of environment.   The basic stimulus-response behavior associated with this philosophy can be used to promote good work output.   A factory with assembly lines would be a good place for the behaviorist philosophy because workers work as quickly as possible doing repeated behaviors. This philosophy would also be useful in other organizations where certain behaviors need to be repeated.   Employers could use basic conditioning to ensure that all hospital workers washed their hands after entering each patient’s room.   An appropriate practice and reinforcement would be well-served in this environment.   The military is also a great place to see the behaviorist philosophy at work. Soldiers constantly perform certain behaviors because of the known responses and consequences associated with those behaviors.   Behaviorist philosophy does not work well when ideas need to flow freely.   An advertising company thrives on new and unique ideas, so the behaviorist philosophy of producing repeated behaviors would not work well there. The progressive philosophy works well when there are environmental aspects to the workplace.   When workers need to find specific ways of solving problems, or developing step by step procedures for operations, this philosophy is often utilized. The scientific and project nature Thinking outside the box instead of just taking in information is an important aspect of this philosophy, so creative workplaces will get a lot of use out of it.   Hospitals can utilize this philosophy because there are always unique real-life situations taking place in the emergency room.   This philosophy promotes that kind of thinking. The military does not use this philosophy.   There is no need for creative thinking is when learning how to walk in formation or assemble a weapon.   Workplaces where specific results are needed do not use this philosophy. Humanistic philosophy is best employed where individual ideas and creativity are valued.   Medical research is one area where this philosophy is used to great effect.   Group discussion and discovery are highly valued, and that is key to coming up with new ideas to try for new medicines. Almost every department of a college has a research department, and the people who work there are self-directed, motivated workers whose main objective is discovery.   Human Resources departments often use this philosophy as it takes into account feelings and emotional responses.   This philosophy would not work well when direct results are needed. A factory that produces cars does not need to use group discussions very much, as radiators need to be assembled in a certain way to work properly.   The military does not use this philosophy very much; the need for personal growth and independence is not as important as the unit. The radical philosophy would be best used in workplaces where the status quo is not what they are looking for.   Government agencies designed to improve or change relations between citizens and police could utilize the dialog and action of this philosophy to great effect.   A lot of talking goes into party planning as well. A party planner would never be able to pull off a successful event without a productive dialog to find out what the client wants, combined with action that produces those desired results.   This philosophy does not work well in workplaces where the desired results are already being produced.   The military and assembly lines are already producing their desired results, so they have little need for dialog about change. It has been very difficult to pinpoint my own philosophy of adult education.   Each philosophy has pros and cons, and I can see how each would be beneficial in the workplace. However, my own experience has led me more toward the humanistic philosophy.   I feel most productive in a group environment where ideas are being shared, and I feel I have skills that would make me a good facilitator of other groups. I like to listen to other ideas and evaluate their merits.   I like to hear what others have to say on a topic that I am passionate about.   Therefore, I think the humanistic philosophy fits my personality the best.   I am also self-motivated, and could work well on a project on my own.   I have a hard time separating my experiences and feelings from my work, and this philosophy allows me to combine them both to produce good results. I also see value in the behaviorist philosophy, because I believe that all people have internal motivators, and if I could understand what those are, I could encourage a lot of productivity in the people who worked for me. I love incentive based projects and reward systems, and think everyone should be rewarded for a job well done.   I work well when given a task that I know has a reward at the end, and I think I could also plan appropriate rewards for people who worked for me.   Therefore, I think my own philosophy is a combination of the humanistic and behaviorist philosophies. All five of these philosophies have great value when it comes to adult learners.   It is important to understand the scholars who promoted these philosophies, as well as what the philosophies themselves are about.   Knowing what practices are employed in each of the philosophies would help any educator understand which one would be best suited to a lesson, as well as the unique group that is adult learners. References Boeree, C. (1998). B.F. Skinner 1904-1990. Personality theories. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html Seiferth, M. (1997). Socratic teaching. Palo Alto College critical thinking resource page. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://lonestar.texas.net/~mseifert/crit3.html Simons, J. Irwin, D. Drinian, B. (1987). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. from Psychology, The Search for Understanding. New York: West Publishing Company. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/ Teachtip/maslow.htm Smith, M. (2002). Paulo Freire and informal education. The encyclopaedia of informal education.   Retrieved May 29,2009 from www.infed.org/thinkers/et-freir.htm Zilversmit, A. (2005). Progressive education. Retrieved may 29, 2009 from http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1012.html How to cite Adult Education Philosophy, Papers

Your Voice. Your College Essay.

What do you want colleges to know about you when they read your essay? The college essay is arguably one of the most important parts of the application. Learn what makes an essay stand out to college admission officers and what to look out for in your writing. Colleges want to see students who are good at what they do. They want students with a variety of skills and it is imperative to show each one what you have to offer. Some skills, such as the ability to understand science, mathematics and the humanities are a given when you apply to colleges. Your academic performance shows colleges how proficient you are in these subjects. However, other skills, including leadership, public speaking, organization, teamwork, etc. are not calculated in a transcript. Instead, you must show them what you are good at. When I applied to colleges, one of the first tasks that I gave myself was to make a list of words, adjectives and phrases that I wanted colleges to notice. I wanted them to know about my leadership in the classroom and outside, my ability to speak to large audiences easily and my undying passion for teamwork. These were the three skills that I thought were most important to communicate to colleges, so I constructed responses and described extracurricular activities relevant to those three skills. Each time you write an essay or add an extracurricular activity, think for a moment what this tells colleges. Does it demonstrate one of your skills? or does it just give them a fun fact about yourself? Each sentence you write should be strategically placed in order to demonstrate your skills. There isn’t a better way to show colleges what you are good at than through extracurriculars and responses to various essay prompts. By the time I have completed my application, I asked my sister, brother, family members and close friends to review it. I only showed them extracurricular activities and responses to the essays and asked them what they have learned about me. I also asked specific questions, such as what skills they thought I had, and what skills they thought I lacked. One of the best ways to show colleges one of your strengths is through the â€Å"overcoming a challenge or ethical dilemma† question. Answering this question tells the colleges three things: a personal story about yourself and the types of activities that you perform, the way in which you think under stressful conditions, and what skills you have used or learned in order to overcome that challenge. This is perhaps the best out of all the application essays for you to show the colleges what your biggest strengths are. At the end of the day, the college admissions officers will see the applications through their lenses. By presenting yourself in the way described above, you quietly suggest to colleges that you would be a great addition to their campus. Each item is crafted to point them in the right direction. Hopefully, those extra skills and traits that you include will convince admissions officers to accept you. Conveying the right message in your essay is essential to getting a colleges attention. Make sure that your combined essays allow each facet of your personality to shine, whether in strong extracurriculars, word choice, or compelling stories.

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students struggle with ACT Science. Students, who came to me for tutoring after taking their first official ACT test, typically performed worst on this section.It is very fast and unlike any other science test. This section more than any other is about pacing and strategy. I was able to boost my ACT Science score 5 points with a few tips.So, what simple tips and tricks can you use to boost your ACT Science score right now? ACT Science Tip #1: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for Last Every question in the ACT Science section is worth the same point value, so you want to get the most points in the limited amount of time given (35 minutes total or 52.5 seconds per question). To get the most points, you should save the most time-consuming passage for last, which conflicting viewpoints is.If you do not know the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages, read this articlefirst. As a brief summary, there are 3 types of passages, 7 passages used on the test: 3 Data Representation Passages 3 Research Summaries Passages 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage The Conflicting Viewpoints Passage has no graphs or tables.Instead, there are two or more scientists/students/theories presented in short paragraphs.The questions ask you about each viewpoint and the differences and similarities between the viewpoints.You need to read and understand the entire passage to answer the questions.Therefore, this passage will take the longest, so save it for last, so it doesn’t kill your pace. Conflicting Viewpoints should be THE END You should be able to speed through the other 2 types of passages using our next tip: ACT Science Tip #2: Use Only Visuals to Answer Questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages Again, since every question is worth the same point value and you only have 52.5 seconds per question, you want to answer as many questions as you can in the shortest amount of time. Saving Conflicting Viewpoints until the end will save you some time, but not reading the Data Representation and Research Summary passages will save you even more time. Most of the questions in these 2 types of passages can be answered by using the visuals and not reading the passage, so you will actually save time and answer more questions correctly by not reading these passages! Counterintuitive, I know. Since the majority of the questions ask you about data which is presented in the visuals, you just need to look at these visuals to find the correct answer. Learn more about this in our other article on time management and section strategy. Again, skip reading these passages, jump right to the questions and answer as many as you can with visuals alone.If you can’t get to a final answer, at least use the visuals for process of elimination: ACT Science Tip #3: Use Process of Elimination Again,you have very little time on the ACT Science section (5 minutes per passage or 52.5 seconds per question). You need to find ways to make the best use of your limited time. So, as you start to notice what cannot be the correct answer, cross it out. This process of elimination will help you make the best use of your time and will lead you to the correct answer. If you don'tuse process of elimination, you may jump to pick an answer before making sure it is the best answer choice. With process of elimination, you know your final answer is the only one thatCANbe correct. If it is wrong, cross it out! You do not want to let anything slow you down, including the big science terms: ACT Science Tip #4: Make Sure You Read the Right Figure and Pay Attention to Labels In my experience teaching students, the most common careless mistake I see is reading the wrong figure and mixing up the labels. If you look at Figure 2 when you're supposed to be looking at Figure 3, you'll make huge mistakes. And you can bet the ACT has trap answers that bait you into these mistakes. Similarly, graphs often have labeled x and y-axes, and you need to make sure you're looking at the correct axis to find the correct data value. Check out my guide on reading graphs to make sure you don't make these mistakes. ACT Science Tip #5: Don't Get Stuck onBig Science Terms ACT Science is really a misnomer; the test should be called the â€Å"reading with very confusing big words and tricky visuals† section.The reason ACT Science does not force you to memorize AP level Bio or complete IB Physics HL problems is that not everyone takes all of that math in high school. For ACT Science to be a fair standardized test for all high school students, the test asks you about basic science concepts in tricky or confusing ways. The ACT Science does not expect you to be familiar with the big science terms it throws at you. ACT Science Tip #6: Don't Study ScienceTerms If you need to know a science term to answer a question, the term will be defined for you in the passage. For most of the large science terms that are not defined,you will not need to understand them to get to the answer.Think of it as a matching game. If a question asks about average change in AGTB and you do not know what that is, simply find the term â€Å"average change in AGTB† in a visual (such as a graph) and then see if you can find the data you need to answer the question. There are only 4 outside knowledge questions on ACT Science that require you to know concepts outside of the passage. We detail every concept you need to know in this guide. Recap Use these 6 tips and you will see an instant improvement: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for last. Try to use only visuals to answer questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages. Use Process of Elimination. Make sure you read the right figure and pay attention to labels. Do not get caught up in the big science terms. Don't actually study science to improve your score. Keep these tips in mind before your test and you'll avoid careless mistakes and save time! These strategies alone may not help you push your score to the maximum. Be sure to check out our other articles for maximum score improvement. What’s Next? Learnabout the differenttypes of questions on the ACT Science section such asfactual questions,interpreting trends questions, and experimental design and hypothetical change questions. Looking for overall ACT Science review? Read our complete guide to the section. Taking the ACT really soon? Check out our guide to cramming. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War If you’ve ever read The Art of War by Sun Tzu, you know that it was meant to be a guide for actual warfare. Taken slightly less literally, all these centuries later, it’s also a handy guide for approaching and surviving any kind of conflict, including those at work- not to mention a fantastic primer for building your leadership skills. Let’s look at some of the key points in the book that you can apply to your own career.1. Strategy is Everythingâ€Å"Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win.†If you don’t have a plan, it’s easy to get mired in the day-to-day and lose sight of your goals. It’s crucial to have short-term and long-term professional goals so you’re making active progress, instead of just dealing with whatever comes your way and waiting around for the next thing.2. Be Ready to Compromiseâ€Å"The greatest victory is that which requires no battle.à ¢â‚¬ You may know you’re right on a particular point or a way to do things, but ask yourself- if I go all in on this, what is achieved here? Part of being a team member means being ready to compromise and negotiate to make sure work is getting done. If you’re working on your own, then sure- it’s your way or else. If you’re working with others, it’s important to take their points of view into account as well. Knowing your priorities can help you figure out when it’s important to fight for something, and when you’d be better off finding a compromise.3. Keep Calmâ€Å"The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.†Work is not the place to lose your cool, even when things are rough, or someone makes you angry. Find alternative ways to settle conflicts without yelling. You can also work on your at-work relaxation techniques to help you cope with stress and resolve issues without flying off the handle.4. Embrace Off ice Politicsâ€Å"He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.†Workplaces have politics. This is just as true if you work in a fast food restaurant as it is if you work for a Fortune 500 company. Any time you put different personalities together to achieve common goals, part of your own job will be working together with others to make sure you’re getting things done.Rather than avoid conflicts, work on them and through them. You’ll be building good skills, and racking up experience points you can point to later for a promotion or a new job.5. Keep Your Confidence Levels Upâ€Å"You have to believe in yourself.†Strategy, planning, and good habits are fantastic ways to boost your career, but they’re not the most important element- you are. If you play to your strengths and know that you can handle whatever comes your way (even if it requires some extra battle planning), that confidence can improve both your work performance and the quality of opportunities that come your way.

Proposed Website Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed Website - Assignment Example The body of the essay will explore various aspects of the proposed website. The proposed website Jenkins (2012, p. 9) in his studies described a website as, â€Å"a set of related web pages that contain contexts such as audio, video, image, and text, among others.† McNeil (2010) further noted that a website is usually hosted on a web server that can be accessed through the Internet or through a local area network that has an internet address, which is known as Uniform Resource Locator. Since Dual-Tech Inc is in the business of selling and distributing electrical appliances, the proposed website will be a commercial website that will serve various purposes and therefore, it will fit into various classifications of websites. For example, the proposed website will be a corporate website that offers information about Dual-Tech Inc and secondly, the proposed website will be an electronic commerce website that enables vendors to purchase electrical appliances via the online channel. On the basis that the proposed website will be an e-commerce website, it is of essence to note that it will be product based. This means that the proposed website will involve the actual selling of electrical appliances through the website whereby vendors will be required to wire funds or payments through electronic transfer and afterwards the company will dispatch the electrical appliances to their preferred location. Secondly, on the basis that the website will be an electronic commerce website it is beneficial to note that the proposed website will act as shop window for Dual-Tech Inc. Basic features of the proposed website First of all the website will be accessed through the local area network within Dual-Tech Inc premises and secondly it will be accessed through the internet connection, which will enable employees to login into the website from any location outside the business premises. This will be enabled by hosting the website in a server that offers both connectivity and is reliable. Secondly, by giving the website a unique domain name it will enable users to access the website easily as it will come as the first item during any search. On the issue of connectivity, the proposed website will be designed in a manner to ensure that users can access the website through smart phones and tablets, and this will be guaranteed by hosting the website in a web server that offers great connectivity from any location using various mediums such as personal or work computers, smart phones, and tablets. Since three different users will be using the website, it will have three different levels of access. The public will not have any special access rather they will only be allowed to view pages within the website that gives a preview of the company, stocks available, location of the business premises, key officials of the company, mission statement, and the objectives of the company. Vendors and employees of Dual-Tech Inc will have different access panels. Vendorsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ access panel will lead them to a web page that contains the list of stocked items and available online payment options that are secure. As for the employees’ access panel, it will lead them to

American Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Architecture - Essay Example In 1879, after four years of studies spent under the tutelage of another famous architect of that time John Edelmann, Sullivan was hired as a junior partner by the famous structural engineer Dankmar Adler. Their partnership lasted until the year of 1896 when Sullivan started to experiment with new materials such as steel girders that made possible construction of much taller buildings than before. Sullivan had certain creative differences and disputed intensively about style issues with Daniel Burnham, the author of the Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park in 1893 and with one of his students, Frank Lloyd Wright. Sullivan insisted that 'form should follow function' thus proclaiming the primary importance of the purpose of a building as compared to the design1. Sullivan's legacy is an important element of modern Chicago. The Jewler's Building at 17 S. Ashland Avenue designed and built by Adler and Sullivan in 1882 was designated as one of Chicago landmarks a century later. Together with Adler he also built the Kaufman Store and Flats at 2312-2314 N. Lincoln Avenue designated a city's landmark in 1996. Another famous masterpieces of Sullivan which became Chicago landmarks are the Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory located at 1121 N. Leavitt Street build by Sullivan alone in 1903, the Auditorium Theater at Roosevelt University, and the Carson, Pirie, Scott Store at the corner of State and Madison. Integrity of structure and ornament, emotional tension of the form, and outstanding individuality of the building are the most noticeable features of Sullivan's style: "Nurtured by the artists sympathy with life, the ornament spoke: it was the voice of the artist and the building -- indeed they were one, the building a 'stock personality' and the architect an interpreter and prophet"2. Today Sullivan is considered perhaps the most influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, the father of the modern skyscraper, and a mentor to another outstanding American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 - April 9, 1959), one of most innovative and prolific American architects of the last century, was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin. Wright attended but did not finish the high school in Madison, Wisconsin, and in 1885 entered the University of Wisconsin where he studied civil engineering. In 1887 Wright moved to Chicago to go apprentice to a well-known Chicago architect, Joseph Lyman Silsbee. It was during that time that Wright worked with Louis Sullivan whom he would later acknowledge as a mentor. At the end of 1880s Wright got married and moved to Oak Park, Illinois. In 1893, he quit his partnership with Sullivan and established his own firm in Chicago. After five years Wright transferred his practice to Oak Park where he had his most productive and stable days. Sidetracked by romantic misadventures, Wright designed some buildings in Arizona and Wisconsin, but those works were not as good as the works of his Illinois period. Frank Lloyd Wright founded the Prairie School of Architecture characterized by long and horizontal designs and organic architecture that won a wide domestic and international acclaim. Wright's rehash of the famous Sullivan's

Effect of Background Environment on Learning and Recognition

Effect of Background Environment on Learning and Recognition The effect of background environment on the learning and recognition of Chinese numeric characters Abstract Previous researches on human memory found that the context present at learning and testing can have a significant impact on how well information is remembered, suggesting that information learned in one context is better recalled when the same context is reinstated during testing (McGeoch, 1932; Godden Baddeley, 1975; Schwabe Wolf, 2009). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of classical background music on learning and recognition of Chinese numeric characters. Participants (N=60) were randomly exposed to four different situations over an established period of time while given a sheet consisting of nine Chinese numeric characters to remember. After remembering the list of numbers they were tested on their recall of the numbers either in the same environment they were learnt or in the alternative environment. Using a 22 between-subject designs analysis it was found that recall was better in the matching conditions. Additionally, numbers learned in a quiet conditio n produced more errors during recall in a noisy condition, suggesting that performance is worse when the environmental contexts are mismatched. These results suggest that the effects of background noise on memory retrieval can be eliminated when a dissimilar learning context is reinstated at test. These findings have important implications for educational concerns. Introduction The theory of working memory model considers the mind to have strictly limited attention resources in processing parallel steams of information, and can become overloaded when exposed to excessive amount of information. Early investigations of memory discovered that the context at learning and recall can have an impact on how well information is remembered, suggesting that information learned in one context is better remembered when similar context is reinstated during recall. Accordingly, in this context it has been established by prior studies that external stimuli such as background music would possibly interfere with cognitive processing. Previous researches that have tested recognition memory in an environmental context that is different from the learning context have produced inconsistent results. (Davidson, Powell, 1986; Banburry Berry, 1998) observed that background music enhance task performance on a variety of tasks. However, (Saufley, OtakaBavaresco, 1985; Klatte, Bergstro m Lachmann, 2013) found that students’ exam performance were not significantly better when learning and testing took place in the same environmental context, compare to a different context. This aspect of memory has been known as context-dependent memory (CDM). The CDM has been extended to different context and have received some previous attentions in the literature, including; olfactory stimuli (Pointer Bond, 1998; Cann Ross, 1989), alcohol states (Eich, 1980), and testing environment (Godden Baddeley, 1975), among many other context. Background music has been shown to be another potential context under which CDM seems to occur. In a number of studies changes in context between learning and testing have produced a significant affect during recall,whereas, in other studies this effects has not been shown (GeiselmanGlenny, 1977; Geiselman Bjork, 1980; Russo, Ward, GeurtsScheres, 1999; Smith, Glenberg Bjork, 1978; Smith Vela, 2001; Godden Baddeley, 1975; Smith, 1985; Fernandez Alonso, 2001). Nevertheless while external stimulus (such as music) appears to enhance individuals’ learning, it could be distracting to others. For instance, (Smith, 1985) examined the e ffect of background music on CDM. In which subjects were asked to learn a list of words under one of three background music conditions (Mozart piece, jazz selection or quiet condition). He concluded that participants who were exposed to the same musical context recalled significantly more words during testing. This provides evidence that the idea of background music can serve as an effective retrieval cue for earlier learned material and does produce CDM effects. According to the literature cited above, individuals tend to recall information better when the environmental context matches from encoding to retrieval. This was supportedin a study conducted by (Grant, Bredahl, Clay, Ferrie, McDorman Dark, 1998). In this study, the participants were instructed to study meaningful information under either noisy or quiet conditions. Then, they were asked multiple-choice and short-answer questions on the previously learned material. A reduction in recall was noticed in participants whose noise level was mismatched during learning and testing compare to those whose noise-level was matched. This suggests if the music played throughoutthe administration of the test and learning is the same, this will improves memory because similar background cues promote memory retrieval. Researches have also demonstrated the effects of background noise on task performance (Hygge, Evans Bullinger, 2002; Ylias and Heaven, 2003), underlining the harmful effects of noise as a distractoron an individual’s performance. Banbury and Berry (1998) found that performance was lower in the presence of background noise (taped office noise) compare to quiet conditions during recall. Also greater disruption was noticed when both learning and recall occurred in the same noisy environment. However, there has also been research contradicting these findings. Avila,Furnham and McClelland (2011) found no significant difference in task performance in the presence background noise. The present study considers the effects of background environment on learning and recognition of Chinese numeric characters. Three research questions are addressed. The first question is whether learning context affect recall. The second research question is whether testing context affect recall. And finally, the third research question that was addressed is to see whether there is an interaction between learning contexts and testing context. Also, in line with previous studies (Grant, Bredahl, Clay, Ferrie, McDorman Dark, 1998; Cann Ross, 1989; Smith, 1985), it was predicted that there would be an effect of context. It was expected that tasks performed in learn quiet-test quiet conditions would yield better results during recall than tasks performed in learn noisy-test noisy conditions, indicating that the background environment(Classical music) is a distracter to performance. The rationale for these predictions would be that background music could prevent full concentration on memo ry task; this could be because extra information during testing could be distracting to participants. Additionally, percentage error scores were expected to be significantly higher in the quiet-noisy condition during learning and recall, suggesting that background noise contribute to lower performance in memory. Perhaps this could be due to the fact that attention will be drawn to the background music while learning, therefore, leading to poorer recall during testing. Finally, performance was predicted to be significantly higherin no background noise condition. The rationale for these results would be that according to prior studies the presence of background noiseand changed environment during recall could impair performance, potentially through distraction. Method Design The first research question used a 22 between-subjects design to analyse the collected data. This was chosen to determine whether differences exist between different background situations (quiet and noisy) and whether one is more effective than the other. The independent variable was context at learning, with two levels; quiet and noisy. This addresses whether background music affects learning. The second research questions also used a between-subjects design. The independent variable was the context at testing, with two levels; quiet and noisy. This addresses whether background music affects recall at testing. The third research question addresses whether there this a interaction between context at learning and testing. For all the research questions the dependent variable was the number of errors. This was measured by counting the numbers of incorrect answers given by each participant. Participants Sixty participants (22 Males, 38 Females), ranging in age from 18 to 65 years old (M=29, SD=12. 1) participated in the study. The groups were randomly allocated from personal contacts of the researchers. Participants were divided into four groups each assigned to four different conditions. However, it is important to note that any Chinese participants or anyone with a previous knowledge of Chinese language were excluded from the study, due to the nature of the task. Materials (or Measures) The stimuli were the ‘noise’,which was played via Youtube throughout the study for a specific condition. Since classical music may cover a wide range of stylistic variances, the present study used Vivaldi The Four Seasonsthis was chosen as classical music is frequently heard in the radio and thus musical style would be familiar to the participants (VanWeelden, 2012). The test consisted of nine Chinese numeric characters,which were selected for the purpose of the study (appendix). In order to avoid practice destruction sheet (word search) was used, which was randomly selected on the Internet (appendix 7). Procedure The experiment was conducted in a room assigned by the researchers. Participants were given consent forms to fill out at the beginning of the study and were informed of their right to withdraw at any point (appendix 3,4). They were also given an instruction sheet, detailing what they were required to do (appendix 2). The study was an independent-measure design. All sixty participants were assigned to four different conditions. Each condition consisted of 15 participants and depending on their groups they were exposed to either a quiet or a noisy room with classical music being played in the background. Also, depending on the conditions the researchers explained to the participants that music would be played while they were given a sheet with nine Chinese numeric characters to remember the meaning of (appendix 1). The participants were then given five minutes to remember the meaning of each numeric character. Then, in order to redirect participant’s attention and to avoid pract ice subjects were given a distraction task of a word search to complete under three minutes. Then, they were asked to return to their respective room, depending on their conditions (quiet or noisy) and were allowed five minutes to identify the meanings of the same nine Chinese characters on a separate testing sheet presenting with symbols but no meanings (appendix 6). At the end of the experiment participants were debriefed (appendix 5) and instructed in the same verbal and written manner throughout the experiment. Result The analysis conducted a 22 ANOVA with learn (quiet, noisy) and test (quiet, noisy) conditions as between-subject variables were conducted on the percentage error recall. This was done In order to determine whether recall would be higher when the learning and testing context were quiet in comparison to noisy, and whether recall would be better when learning and testing context matched compared to mismatched. The mean and standard deviation for recall scores are reported in table 1. The results of the ANOVA confirmed that as predicted there was a significant main effect of context at learningF(1,56)=6. 287, P=0. 015, such that participants made significantly more errors in a noisycondition than in a quiet condition (M=22. 96 and M=11. 85 respectively). (See graph 1, figure 1). In addition, along with the prediction, there was not a significant main effect of context at test (p>0. 05),noisy condition produced more error compare to quiet condition (M= 21. 48 and M=13. 33 respectively). And finally, There was not a statistically significant interaction effect between learning and testing context, F(1,56)=3. 381, P=0. 071. This means that context at learning had the same effect at both levels of the other IV, context at test. Table 1. Percentage memory recall during quiet and noisy test conditions following quiet and noisy learning conditions. Figure 1: Estimated mean log of errors scores in Chinese numeric character recall task of context at learning. Discussion Our primary goal in this experiment was to examine the effect of background music on learning and recall. It was predicted that the detrimental influence of background music on memory retrieval would be lessened if the learning and retrieval environments matched. The present findings confirmed this prediction. The participants performed worse when the learning and testing context were dissimilar. This is in line with previous studies of impaired memory retrieval following background noise (Dalton Behm, 2007; Dobbs, Furnham McClelland, 2011). If, however, the learning and testing context were matched, this detrimental effect of stress disappeared. But, in confliction with some studies, the results provide no evidence for an interaction of background music and context effects in memory processes. Participants learned better in learn quiet-test quiet condition (M=11. 85), but did not necessarily recall higher when they were tested in a noisy condition (M=31. 11). Also, participants prod uced more errors in learn noisy-test noisy (M=14. 81) as opposed to learn noisy-test quiet condition (M=11. 85), suggesting that participants performed poorly when the learning and test context were mismatched. This can be supported by many studies (Fernandez Alonso, 2001; Schwabe Wolf, 2009). Although we focused mainly on the manipulation of the environmental (i. e. , external) context, it is important to note that the presence or absence of other stimuli can also be conceptualised as a change in internal context. In this study internal stimulus such as personality trait, emotional state and mood were not assessed during learning and recall. Also, mood, which can be affected by emotions and feelings, can improve or hinder with successful learning model of the engaged individual. Additionally, as mentioned before personality trait could be a factor that needs to be considered. The influence of music on memory performance has also been linked to personality types. A study piloted by Furnham and Bradley (1997) demonstratedthat pop music could be a distracter on the performance of introverts and extraverts. It was proposed that in the presence of music extravert would perform better than introverts. The findings determined that when pop music was played recall was severely le ssened for both introverts and extraverts. Also, it was shown that introverts recalled significantly lower than extraverts in the presence of pop music condition as well as introverts in the silent condition. Overall, introverts seemed to be easily distracted in the presence of background noise. This researchexposed evidence that overall background noise, such as music, TV and background conversation could improve performance in complicated cognitive tasks for extraverts, while it will considerably impair introverts’ task performance (Furnham Bradley, 1997; Dobbs, Furnham McClelland, 2011). A possible confounding variable in between-subjects designs in this experiment could have been related to individual differences, in which the participants’ characteristic differed one group to another, for instance the participants in one group may be older, smarter, then the participants in another group. This was somehow controlled by giving the exact same information to every participant and treated equally. Also, environmental variables may have affected the findings in which characteristics of the environment differed between groups, for example the groups were tested in different rooms, one group may be tested in a larger room and another group in a smaller room. However, we had no control over assignment of individuals to groups, as the groups were randomly allocated. It is important to note that the Chinese numeric characters where unfamiliar to the participants, these may have affected their recall regardless the condition their were set in, however, this needs to be taken into further consideration. A group of different ages were exposed to one task that had been designed to assess the participants’ ability ton how well they canremember unfamiliar Chinese characters. As Fernandez Alonso (2001) found that older participants recall better when they were tested in the same context, but no effects was shown for the younger participants. However, this had no impact on the direction of the data, but it makes the sample less reliable. In summary, the results of the present experiment indicate that the detrimental effects of background music on memory retrieval can be prevented when the environmental context at learning and testing match. These findings have important implications for educational concerns, to find out whether the negative impact of background music on learning or testing will be reduced if students are tested in the same room/context, instead of in an unfamiliar room. Word count: 2194

Dissertation Sample †Is it Possible to Reduce the Harm Caused by Human Trafficking?

Abstract This paper reviews the practice and extent of human trafficking across the globe in order to assess the harm which is inflicted upon victims. This paper utilises case studies and academic research from the USA and Northern Ireland in order to find that regardless of the activity or the experiences of victims, all experiences psychological trauma. However this paper finds that there is also an informational black hole which can potentially impact upon the treatment of victims following a period in captivity, Introduction The phenomenon of human trafficking has increased as a problematic national international issue in recent years. Both state in non-state actors have attempted to combat this industry, however the focus upon the experiences of harm which victims experiences remains part of a subjective construct. This paper assesses what harm victims experience but in doing so seeks to address the extent and scale of human trafficking as a local and global issue. This paper utilises academic research and state policies from the USA and the Northern Irish Province of the UK in order to make findings in relation to the harm which human trafficking causes. This paper concludes that all victims of human trafficking experience psychological harm regardless of the role which they were expected to undertake. In essence, victims are reduced to being defined as begin vulnerable as a result of their experiences. What is Human Trafficking It is estimated that human trafficking earns criminal syndicates around $32 billion per annum (Haken 2011). The human trafficking networks which exist across the globe impact upon. It is a system that can be evidenced in almost all countries and of people who reside in those states (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), 2011). The natural conclusion to any research on the subject of human trafficking tends to conform to an idea that it concerns the transportation of a large number of vulnerable people from the periphery to the core (UNODC, 2011). A number of centres of gravity have been established where trafficking gangs tend to concentrate their efforts. These areas include, but are not limited to, Western Europe, Dubai and the USA. However, other markets also exist in countries such as India where there is a market in both the internal relocation of victims, in this case predominately children, of trafficking, and externally to the aforementioned locations (Finnegan 20 08). Global approaches to human trafficking are overseen by the United Nations (UN) which defines the practice as being the ‘recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’ (UNODC 2000: n.p.). The UN working definition has been commuted in to the legal frameworks of domestic jurisdictions which, despite being semantically different they are, for all intent purpose, they possess the same underlying meaning as that of the UN’s. In the USA for example, the practice of human trafficking is legally defined as being ‘Trafficking in persons† and â€Å"human trafficking† have been used as umbrella terms for the act of re cruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion’ (US Dept of State, 2014: n.p.). In the UK, In the UK, the racquets which organise human trafficking are defined as being ‘those involved, normally working with others, in continuing serious criminal activities for substantial profit, whether based in the UK or elsewhere† (SOCA, 2013: n.p.). A number of international bodies also are incorporated into the fight against human trafficking. The World Bank, for example, possesses its own definition human trafficking as ‘the abuse of public power for private benefit’ (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011: 5). Other organisation which are active in the fight against human trafficking includes the International Labour Organisation (2013: n.p.) which supports a perspective that women make up just over half of all trafficked people, with males and children making up the remainder. In essence, the issue and prevalence of human trafficking is considered to be an important issue on global as well as domestic terms and incorporates state and non-state activity (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011: 4). In the USA, the local perspective considers that human trafficking is akin to a form of modern slavery (US Dept of State, 2014: n.p.). Modern Slavery Discourse With human trafficking being considered as akin to modern slavery is a label which is highly relevant to this subject area. Figures regarding trafficking to the USA are wide. For example Baldwin, Eisenman, Sayles, Ryan & Chuang (2011: 1) suggest that eighteen thousand are trafficked there annually, whilst Hughes (2001: 9) presented estimated of over one hundred thousand per annum. In this instance it is arguable that both may be correct. Recent years have seen US border controls and immigration fall within the remit of Homeland Security (Dept for Homeland Security, 2014). In their article, Hepburn and Simon (2010: 1) note that legislative definitions of human trafficking are similar. The reason for this is that all states take their leads from the UN policy. The UN definition, therefore, can be considered as being all encompassing and constitutes a policy which the majority of, if not all, states agree upon. Indeed a number of third party non-governmental organisations also have policies and working definitions in this area. One country of focus for the USA in its fight against human trafficking is Moldova which the USA sees as being a main country of origin for those trafficked to its shores. Additionally the US government argues that ‘women and children (are) trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation to the Balkans; other European countries; and the Middle East’ (Embassy for the United States: Moldova 2013: n.p.). One factor for the discrepancy for the difficulty in calculating the numbers of victims of trafficking is the nature of the activity. Since it incorporates criminal actions which seeks to secrete victims into a host nation, the possibility of creating accurate figures is an extremely challenging task. Indeed this is a reality which the UK government realised when attempting to evaluate the extent of the practice in that country as well as the wider European Union space (HM Parliament, 2009: 9). At this point it is to be noted that there is a clear difference between the transportation of people by illegal or criminal organisations via human trafficking and the international migrant trade. In the latter of these, willing participants pay syndicates to move to another country. Finnegan (2008) notes that human trafficking routinely involves further criminal offences including fraud, deception and coercion, and can result in the employment of people in, for example, forced labour and prostitution. In the vast majority of cases it can be assessed that those victims who are trafficked are aiming to escape from social deprivations, conflict, violence and poverty (Finnegan, 2008). Similarly there tends to be a level of state involvement through corrupt practices by individual state agents (Finnegan 2008). UNODC (2013) argues that trafficking for the purposes of prostitution and sexual exploitation comprises the vast majority of cases. This narrative provides a greater insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in affected countries however on a personal scale the impact upon the victims can be considered to be more devastating. Harm caused by Human Trafficking It is noted that in the UK, the devolved Northern Irish authority argues that there must be three components for human trafficking to occur. These components are the act, the means and the purpose (Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland, 2012).Each of these components must be in place for the offence of human trafficking to be considered as a crime. The referred to act concerns the recruitment of people; the means brings into play coercion, threats or intimidation; whilst the threats or force in order to coerce people whilst the purpose equates to the role being carried out, for example, prostitution, forced labour et al (Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland 2012: 4). Where all three of these elements have been confirmed, the possibility for prosecution is increased. Similarly a support network for victims is initiated. In the USA victims of human trafficking are predominately considered as being an issue for health care providers (Baldwin et al., 2011: 2). This policy is based upon statistical research which argues that over a quarter of all people who have been trafficked are in need of medical care whilst under the control of their captors (Baldwin et al., 2011: 2). These findings have placed the US healthcare system at the forefront of the fight in identifying victims and, by implication, the controlling criminal racquet. However Baldwin et al. (2011: 2) highlight the fact that information regarding the impact of trafficking on victims remains scant and argue that this finding is based upon a lack of data from state organisations such as law enforcement agencies, health care providers and human rights groups. Baldwin et al.( 2011: 1-3) reach this outcome despite the widespread practice which they argue can be found across the USA in over ninety cities and in thirty states. However the scant inf ormation which has been reflected thus far in this paper, in terms of state led assessments and academic research also suggests that the extent of human trafficking remains part of a subjective narrative. The US based National Human Trafficking Response Centre (2014: n.p.) notes the extent of trafficking is almost half of that which was argued by Baldwin et al. (2011) and is also different form that discussed by Coonan (2004). These outcomes impact upon the policy responses to issues related to harm which is experienced by people who have been trafficked, particularly where there are a number of medical or psychological interventions needed to assist victims in recovering from their experiences. The study conducted by Coonan’s (2004) utilised a number of victims of human trafficking, many of whom had originated from Mexico (Coonan, 2005: 208). All, bar one, had been employed in the sex trade with the latter being used for domestic servitude. All of these participants showed symptoms of mental health issues which related to a strong desire for physical security. However it is to be noted that Coonan (2004) failed to question victims on the rationale for this desire. As such, this area too remains part of a subjective concept and represents an inherent weakness in Coonan’s (2004) The need for physical security could potentially relate to a psychological fear of being taken and forced back into the activity which they were previously undertaking, or it could provide evidence of a need for safety from physical beating. Either way the strong desire for physical security is indicative of mental strain and evidence of trauma. As a further failing in Coonan’s ( 2004) paper it is to be noted that he did not discuss the experiences of being caught up in the human trafficking trade. This is a missed opportunity to gain a greater insight into the harm done by experiences. A further study by Hepburn and Simon (2010) provides details of the experiences of victims and, as a result, provides a greater insight into the harm done during time in captivity. Hepburn and Simon (2010: 6) state that women who were trafficked to join the US sex trade had to have sex over six hundred times simply to pay off their debts. Added to this were accommodation and food bills, resulting in a continual captive state. In this particular instance these women had to live in a condemned building, had no choice but to drink contaminated water and trap pigeons in order to eat. As such, in this case, long term physical illness cannot be ruled out. Similarly the exposure to regular sexual activity means that sexually transmitted disease cannot be ruled out (Hepburn and Simon, (2010: 6-7). One area where Hepburn and Simon were successful in their study was to concretise the need for physical security, where here, it can be evidenced that a fear of being recaptured was an overriding factor in the low mental health status of victims. Hepburn and Simon (2010: 8) also highlighted that women had been, in part, exposed to domestic US life, resulting in additional men tal stress and trauma Harm Reduction Programmes The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009: 9) notes the psychological impact of trafficking upon victims and argues that the experiences of people are akin to a state of Stockholm syndrome. Here, captives are psychologically attacked to their captors and are subsequently mentally aligned to their captors (Graham, (1994: xvi). In essence the experiences of trafficked people is not dissimilar to the psychological experiences of those who have been taken hostage, cult members or long term prisoners of war (Graham, 1994: xvi). This is a factor which the Northern Irish authorities have recognised and people who have been liberated from trafficking are subsequently placed in a secure accommodation setting for six weeks in order that they can reflect upon their experiences whilst in captivity (Public Prosecution Service, 2012: 15). The process also helps victims to come to terms with a number of other areas of their experiences, obtain medical assessments and access the relevant tr eatments. The main overriding factor which affects all people is the psychological issue. This occurs regardless of the role which was undertaken. A further benefit of this approach is that it allows victims to open upon about their experiences and can help law enforcement agencies gather information in order to improve their intelligence assessments of the extent and practices which occur within their jurisdiction. However the overriding factor in the approach which the Northern Irish authorities utilise is based upon recognition that victims are vulnerable. It is this recognition that informs subsequent intervention processes from a plethora of state organisations. In essence, victims in Northern Ireland experience a multi agency response which is highly individualised and may include health specialists, social services, mental health services, law enforcement and immigration services. One further factor to note is that victims in this Province are also granted an immigration one year stay of execution in order that the relevant authorities can oversee their integration back in to civil society prior to being returned to their homeland and families (Public Prosecution Service, 2012: 13-22). Conclusions In conclusion, information regarding the harm caused by human trafficking is still evolving. Where information is available it is evident that all victims experience mental trauma as a result of their experiences. In achieving this finding this paper has assessed the scale and extent of the practice and has considered academic and state led research and practices. The mental harm experienced is indicative of a psychological state which is akin to Stockholm syndrome; as a result victims can be classed as being vulnerable and are in need of individualised levels of care. Knowledge of this outcome has the potential to reduce the harm caused by human trafficking however the evident lack of complete information is hampering the ability of institutions and state agencies to limit the harm done. As an issue of best practice the Northern Irish system can be seen as being the best approach to limiting harm and to promote a successful recovery. Bibliography Baldwin, S., Eisenman, D., Sayles, J., Ryan, G., & Chuang, K., (2011), Identification of Human Trafficking Victims in Health Care Settings, (J), Health and Human Rights, Vol. 13, (1), pp. 1-15. Coonan, T., (2004), Human Trafficking: Victims Voices in Florida, (J), Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation, Vol. 5, (2), pp. 207 – 218. Dept for Homeland Security, (2014), Fixing Our Broken Immigration System Through Executive Action – Key Facts, (online), available at http://www.dhs.gov/immigration-action?utm_source=hp_feature&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=dhs_hp, (accessed on 01/12/14). Embassy for the United States: Moldova, (2013), US Government Report on Moldova (online), available at http://moldova.usembassy.gov/reports-on-moldova.html, (accessed on 06/12/14), Finnegan, W., (2008), The Counter Traffickers, (online), available at http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/05/05/the-countertraffickers, (accessed on 06/12/14). Graham, D., (1994), Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives, New York New York University Press. Haken, J., (2011), Transnational Crime in the Developing World, Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. HM Parliament, (2009), The Trade in Human Beings: Human Trafficking in the UK, London: HMSO. Hughes, D., M., (2001), The â€Å"Natasha† Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking. (J), National Institute of Justice Journal, Vol. 246, (1), pp. 9-15 International Labour Organisation, (2013), Quick Facts about Human Trafficking, (online), available at http://www.endhumantraffickingnow.com/quick-facts-about-human-trafficking/, (accessed on 06/12/14). Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (2012) Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Human Trafficking. Belfast: Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. Serious Organised Crime Agency, (2012), Organised crime groups, (online), available at http://www.soca.gov.uk/threats/organised-crime-groups, (accessed on 06/12/14). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2000), The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and two supplementary protocols: Article 3, (online), available at http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf, (accessed on 06/12/14). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2009), Anti Human Trafficking manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, New York: United Nations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2011), The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons. Geneva: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. US Dept of State, (2014), Definitions and methodology, (online), available at http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/210543.htm, (accessed on 06/12/14).